Il grande fratello si misura in tera. Parola di Domenico Talia
Lo studioso di informatica lancia l’allarme nel suo “La società calcolabile e i big data”: la crescita della rete rischia di comprimere la nostra libertà a tutto vantaggio delle multinazionali e mette in pericolo il futuro della democrazia
In quale curioso universo Borges, Pasolini, Umberto Eco, Anselmo d’Aosta ed Enrico Berlinguer coesistono senza troppi problemi con Bill Gates, Mark Zuckerberg, Steve Jobbs e Gianroberto Casaleggio, magari sotto la guida sapiente del filosofo coreano Byung-Chul Hang, nuovo profeta della società postindustriale 2.0?
In realtà non occorre scavare troppo né volare d’immaginazione: la cultura vive da sola di collegamenti carsici e i suoi fiumi sotterranei risultano più carichi e imprevedibili nei loro percorsi di quel che non appare in superficie. Di sicuro quest’universo non è parallelo.
Riformuliamo la domanda: e se queste connessioni, anziché svilupparsi in profondità, fossero evidenti, quale universo logico potrebbe contenerle senza implodere sotto il peso delle contraddizioni? Un universo virtuale, quello del web 2.0 che si appresta ad evolversi in altro. È la risposta di Domenico Talia, docente di Informatica all’Università della Calabria e ricercatore di vaglia (è stato inserito nella Top Italian Scientists del 2013) dotato di un non indifferente talento letterario attraverso il quale riesce a divulgare con efficacia le problematiche apicali del suo settore, con la consapevolezza che ormai i problemi dell’informatica sono i problemi di tutti, anche dei più inconsapevoli.
Problemi 2.0 per una società 2.0: ecco il succo di La società calcolabile e i big data, l’ultima fatica letteraria del professore calabrese edita gli scorsi mesi da Rubbettino. Un’avvertenza, prima di approcciare questo pamphlet è indispensabile: Talia, a differenza di altri guru (ad esempio Evgeny Morozov), non è quel che si dice un apocalittico (ecco che spunta Eco) della rete: è uno specialista di alta caratura che osserva il proprio mondo con lo sguardo critico di chi conosce le notevoli opportunità fornite dal web, letteralmente inedite nella storia dell’uomo, ma ne segnala anche i pericoli.
Il primo pericolo, più rilevante perché li contiene tutti, consiste nella scomposizione dei rapporti sociali tradizionali, che vivono di fisicità e nella loro ricomposizione-surrogazione nella dimensione amorfa e virtuale della rete. È la figura dello sciame digitale ripresa, appunto, da Hang.
La dimensione virtuale, spiega Talia sulla scia del pensatore coreano, è in buona misura sostitutiva: appaga le moltitudini escluse dai rapporti di potere virtuale, diventati più autoritari e allo stesso tempo sfuggenti e meno controllabili proprio grazie alle nuove tecnologie. La riaggregazione a sciame, che avviene attraverso i social, è senz’altro potente perché amplifica a dismisura le possibilità di interazione e di comunicazione delle masse, escluse dai media tradizionali di cui sono fruitrici passive. Ma incide poco sulla quotidianità dei più e, a voler aggiungere una riflessione, rende ancora più insidiose perché meno controllabili le nuove dinamiche di potere, di cui è un esempio l’affermazione del Movimento 5 Stelle, che per usare ancora l’immagine di Hang, ha un esito beffardo: il potere si materializza ed entra di prepotenza nella stanza dei bottoni, lo sciame resta in rete a ronzare nell’illusione della potenza.
Il secondo pericolo consiste nella dislocazione in rete della propria identità reale. È quello più evidente nella vita quotidiana: il trasferimento dei propri dati a gestori privati (da Google ai social network per finire ai superstore come Amazon) in cambio di servizi il più delle volte gratuiti, ha consentito l’accumulo esponenziale di informazioni in mano a pochi soggetti privati, come mai era capitato prima. Se si pensa agli scandali che esplodevano fino a qualche decennio fa ogni qualvolta emergevano le attività di dossieraggio dei servizi segreti, si ha una descrizione approssimativa del pericolo.
Il problema vero, fa capire Talia, è che in rete tutto si paga e che i costi non monetari possono essere più pesanti, in termini di privacy. Ne sono esempi le profilature di molti utenti, in pratica la stragrande maggioranza, praticate dagli operatori commerciali che consentono di anticipare addirittura i gusti del pubblico sulla base dei consumi.
Con una metafora suggestiva, il professore calabrese rielabora il concetto di plusvalore, che non consiste più (o non consisterà più, in tempi brevissimi) nell’aumento di valore provocato dalla compressione del lavoro a favore del capitale, ma nel surplus dato dalle informazioni fornite dagli utenti, che di fatto lavorano gratuitamente a chi lucra sulle informazioni. In questo caso, siamo ben oltre le critiche di Pasolini alla società dei consumi. Il grande poeta puntava il dito sulla distruzione delle società tradizionali operata dalla società dei consumi e dalla tecnologia. A leggerla col senno del poi, la sua risulta davvero una profezia minima.
Il terzo pericolo è dato dall’evoluzione dell’informatica dalla dimensione degli algoritmi all’intelligenza artificiale. Lo scenario più catastrofico è ancora futuribile, per fortuna, perché gli algoritmi e il meccanismo di memorizzazione della rete sono potentissimi ma ancora piuttosto stupidi. La memoria, spiega Talia con un riferimento preciso a Eco (una volta tanto non si citano le polemiche dell’illustre intellettuale nei confronti dei social: è già un segno di originalità), è selettiva ed elimina per addizione, cioè aggiungendo nuove nozioni che si sovrappongono alle precedenti e le annullano.
Il che non è per la tecnologia informatica, che può accumulare all’infinito: in fin dei conti, i big data sono il prodotto per eccellenza di questo accumulo.
Ma questa capacità infinita di accumulare – da cui deriva l’altra, insidiosa conseguenza che è l’eternità mediatica – degenera nell’ipermnesia, descritta da Borges in un suo bellissimo racconto. Già: ricordare senza selezionare, ricorda il grande scrittore argentino, è una forma di follia, perché, titola significativamente Talia, Dimenticare è più difficile che ricordare. Ma gli algoritmi hanno esibito una singolare capacità evolutiva: riescono a misurare le informazioni e le reazioni della mente umana e, come ha dimostrato l’esperimento di Paul Oppenheimer ed Edward Zalta, a validare la prova ontologica dell’esistenza di Dio elaborata nel medioevo da Anselmo d’Aosta.
In questi casi, siamo ben oltre i segnali deboli che, secondo gli esperti dell’intelligence, consentono di anticipare il futuro. Un futuro che è già presente, visto che le tappe intermedie di questo processo che porta dal calcolo e dall’automazione alla speculazione pura sono già una realtà effettiva che invade le nostre vite da più punti di vista: si pensi solo alle forme di automazione che iniziano a ridisegnare i rapporti di lavoro.
Da qui al quarto pericolo il passo è breve: con perfetta circolarità La società calcolabile e i big data riapproda al punto di partenza e legge i rischi del mondo 2.0 sotto il profilo più comprensivo possibile: quello politico. Significativo, a proposito, il paragone tra la lucida preveggenza con cui Berlinguer in un’intervista degli anni ’80 stigmatizzava i pericoli provocati dalle trasformazioni indotte dalla tecnologia e il ritardo con cui Casaleggio, qualche anno prima di morire, ha preso atto delle conseguenze di un meccanismo di comunicazione politica che lui stesso ha contribuito a creare.
Le democrazie del futuro, ammonisce il professore dell’Unical, saranno più vulnerabili proprio perché più esposte a condizionamenti che spostano il consenso da una classe politica sempre più inadeguata a centri privati (e tendenzialmente opachi) di potere.
Non sarà proprio l’apocalisse, questo libro, ma non è comunque un modello di ottimismo. Semmai Talia esibisce un gramsciano pessimismo della ragione a cui contrappone un ottimismo della volontà. Ed ecco perché non siamo ancora, nel suo caso, al catastrofismo di Morozov, sebbene poco ci manchi.
La società calcolabile e i big data non fa profezie ma espone fatti e ipotizza scenari. Il finale è volutamente aperto, forse con la malcelata speranza che siano i cittadini-lettori a scriverlo dopo una salutare presa di coscienza che questo bel volumetto può stimolare.
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Heavier loads (up to 85% of 1RM) are beneficial for decrease
reps (8-10 reps) to give consideration to energy and hypertrophy.
Whether Or Not you’re aiming to enhance your energy, optimize your coaching routine,
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Having a stable core is important to lifting more and constructing
practical strength. There a number of stuff you need to bear in mind to keep away from accidents when doing deadlifts.
Typical deadlifters ought to consider entice
bar deadlifts instead of standard deadlifts. “The complete core is working from the moment the bar comes off the floor, until the second you set it back down,” in a
deadlift, Khan says.
The dumbbell Romanian deadlift will target the glutes, whereas the hamstring curl will target the hamstrings.
Supersetting these workouts at the end of a workout will construct hypertrophy for the posterior chain. The RDL, also known as a
stiff leg deadlift, is a good exercise to work the posterior chain muscle tissue, specifically the hamstrings, glutes and erector spinae of the
low back. The single leg Romanian deadlift is an superior train for building leg muscles because
it has the perfect combination of difficulty, ease of progression,
and effectiveness. This is why it’s included in exercises for athletes and lifters of all backgrounds
and expertise levels. The single leg deadlift requires lots out of your again muscle tissue, specifically your
scapular muscle tissue (aka, your traps). Whereas a tad unconventional, you could even add this move to your
back workout.
They’re typically accomplished with a lot lighter weight and the focus is on driving the load explosively using energy generated from the hips.
They might not pack on muscle mass fairly as properly as deadlifts,
but a kettlebell could be taken on a street trip much simpler than a barbell and four hundred pounds.
There are many elements to learn to deadlift safely;
from gripping the bar, the method to hip hinge, and a full
vary of motion.
In reality, we really feel fairly assured betting that the deadlift is already in your exercise routine as a outcome of
it is simply so good. Rounding of the lower again is a common mistake seen in varied
types of deadlifts. The aim all through the movement ought to be to take care of a impartial backbone.
On the opposite hand, exercises that WILL BE good substitutes for the
Romanian deadlift contain a lot of motion on the hip joint.
And together with the deadlift, use these
five easy steps to shed weight. While the deadlift does
not look very complicated, you still should work in your approach to deadlift safely and successfully.
But, when I began to deadlift, the fat-burning process kicked into excessive gear.
Since your body packs on muscle all over the place, your metabolism will rise, and your weight reduction will speed up.
If you are chubby or overweight at present (and there’s
a seventy five p.c likelihood that you just are), contemplate the deadlift for fat loss.
It doesn’t matter how much, all that matters is that you just
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every week till you can’t. However, the unfavorable
results of processed meals will all the time win over
weight coaching. Whether Or Not it’s for enterprise, romance, or yourself,
the deadlift involves the rescue. One necessary purpose of the deadlift is
to maintain you lean, sturdy, and practical.
One Other tip is to do the entire liftings out of your legs and never
take assist from the again. Secondary muscle tissue are
those that help the first muscular tissues. The synergy of
major and secondary muscular tissues helps to stabilize your physique and to prevent harm.
“If you concentrate on our daily life, lots of it’s spent on a single leg,” Ellis says.
“When we take a glance at gait mechanics, actually every little thing is a single-leg dynamic.” Utilising a trap bar in your deadlifts allows for a
extra pure raise. In a trap bar, the weight is at your sides, so it’s a greater emulation of the methods you are most likely choosing
something up in actual life.
The single leg dumbbell Romanian deadlift
challenges steadiness and management when balancing on one leg, which allows you to develop
the steadiness of your standing leg. Compound dumbbell workouts provide a dynamic way to enhance flexibility.
Motion patterns like lunges and squats stretch and strengthen muscular tissues at the similar time.
Deadlifts are primarily hip-extension actions that require glute muscle activation to help stand the barbell up.
Right Here we cover tips on how to perform dumbbell deadlifts, variations of dumbbell deadlifts, key advantages, and examples of when and the place athletes ought to think about them as the proper
exercise. Setting up for the barbell version of the deadlift takes lots longer.
You may discover, however, that you’re limited in your dumbbell exercise by the utmost dumbbell weight
of the gym that you’re understanding in. The dumbbell model of the deadlift lets you get
a greater range of movement than the barbell model.
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Most lifting belts could be categorized as both powerlifting or weightlifting type belts.
Think About elements such as belt material (leather or nylon),
thickness, width, and closure kind (lever or prong buckle).
Your lifting fashion and personal comfort preferences ought
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So for the amount of money you spend now, belief me, you won’t have to purchase another one.
Nonetheless, there is not a hurt in utilizing a extra
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Even though the process can become annoying, having all
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Carrying a belt will increase intra-abdominal pressure,
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Wanting for one of the best weightlifting belt that will assist you set new PRs?
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If you’re lifting for optimum power, a belt is extremely beneficial.
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The Neoprene backing on this belt offers further comfort and help such as you by no means felt earlier than. This weightlifting belt would not really feel bulky in your waist and will not dig into your sides or hips. The main purpose lifters wear a lifting belt is to increase intra-abdominal stress (IAP), which helps stabilize the backbone and maintain an upright posture during heavy lifts. By bracing towards the belt, lifters create a rigid core, decreasing the likelihood of spinal flexion beneath load. On the other hand, a weightlifting belt will use velcro to fasten the belt, although you will notice prong-style buckles on the occasional leather weightlifting belt.
A weightlifting belt is normally 4-6 inches extensive in the again and tapered to 3-4 inches within the entrance. A weightlifting belt is tapered as a end result of it’ll allow the lifter’s hips to move a bit more freely into deep end ranges of the snatch and clear & jerk. Weightlifting belts are usually wider than powerlifting belts, primarily because of competitors rules that enable weightlifting belts to be wider than powerlifting ones. The objective of a weightlifting belt is to provide help to the decrease back and core, helping lifters keep correct posture and generate intra-abdominal pressure throughout heavy lifts. A weightlifting belt for ladies serves the very same weightlifting belt purpose as the load lifting belt for men, however this one is designed to suit the female anatomy. It stabilizes the core throughout power training, and it presents back support. Nonetheless, they don’t present as much support as powerlifting belts.
Use it wisely, and you’ll deadlift heavier, safer, and smarter. This can be achieved through exercises like planks and hole holds, which not only strengthen core muscle tissue but in addition teach correct core engagement by drawing the bellybutton toward the backbone. This belt meets the demands of power athletes who prioritize top-tier assist during energy lifts. When it comes to the trifecta of support, stability, and luxury, this belt shines. Made from real leather-based and suede with a double-prong buckle closure, it is built like a tank. At four inches wide and 10mm thick, it’s stable and gets the job carried out for heavy lifting. I do want it was tapered at the front, because it could really feel somewhat limiting when squatting for instance.
Whatever you resolve to select, make certain it goes along with your coaching type and the lifts you’ll be doing. Ratchet – The fastening mechanism on these is just like the one you’ll find on common, everyday belts and you regulate it by tightening it. The fit is very customizable, which is nice, but the mechanism will most probably show some wear and tear over time. Hyperextension or hyperflexion of the backbone can lead to accidents, and sporting a belt is often a way of stopping that from taking place. Suppose about maximal lifts or occasions when you’re really trying to push your boundaries; it doesn’t hurt to have a belt on and have some extra safety.
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