Bandito, mercenario e un po’ mafioso. Storia del brigante Di Mecola
Un saggio di Giulio Tatasciore racconta la vicenda del delinquente abruzzese, prima condannato dai magistrati borbonici e poi ingaggiato dai legittimisti per combattere gli unitari. Tra un crimine e l’altro…
Il brigantaggio meridionale ha imperversato per secoli, come minimo dal Basso Medioevo sino alla sua distruzione definitiva operata dal Regno d’Italia, per cui sarebbe arduo attribuire al fenomeno considerato in quanto tale una caratterizzazione politica.
Se e quando essa vi fu, risultò principalmente esterna al fenomeno. In altre termini, poteva accadere che le bande di briganti – di per sé gruppi di criminali, avventurieri, spostati – fossero assoldate o manipolate da interessati burattinai per fini loro propri. I banditi divenivano in questo modo mercenari, come era già avvenuto con l’armata della Santa Fede del cardinale Ruffo e come sarebbe accaduto di nuovo negli anni postunitari, con la strumentalizzazione del banditismo da parte di comitati di manutengoli borbonici.
L’uso che aristocratici, ecclesiastici, latifondisti, in breve notabili, fecero delle comitive banditesche, da loro appoggiate oppure create, è stato eccellentemente esaminato dal professor Carmine Pinto nel suo saggio La guerra per il Mezzogiorno. Italiani, borbonici e briganti 1860-1870, testo d’importanza capitale per la comprensione del brigantaggio postunitario.
Tale rapporto fra personaggi dell’alta società e bande, attraverso il quale i primi favorirono le seconde allo scopo di dirottarne la violenza delinquenziale contro i propri avversari, è confermato anche da altri autori e studi.
Un valido modello delle ambiguità delle azioni dei briganti dopo l’Unità è offerto dalla ricerca dello storico Giulio Tatasciore sul capobanda Nunziato Di Mecola [G. Tatasciore, Bandito o brigante? Il caso di Nunziato Di Mecola nella provincia di Chieti (1860-63), in Storicamente. Laboratorio di storia, rivista del Dipartimento di Storia Culture Civiltà Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, n. 9, 20 dicembre 2013, pp. 3-26.]
Nunziato Di Mecola era un contadino di Arielli, provincia di Chieti, che per un breve periodo, dal 2 dicembre del 1860 al 6 gennaio del 1861, si trovò a capo di un’orda di alcune centinaia di uomini, con cui saccheggiò alcuni paesi dell’Abruzzese.
Il capobrigante fu un politico, un criminale, od entrambi? In apparenza, il moto scomposto che egli in teoria capitanò avrebbe avuto finalità politiche e sarebbe stato ispirato dalla volontà di restaurare il governo di Francesco II.
Infatti, Di Mecola si definiva generale del re Borbone e quando la sua turba irrompeva in un paese egli ripristinava gli stemmi gigliati e faceva celebrare una messa per il sovrano borbonico. Se si considerano soltanto le dichiarazioni d’intenti e la simbologia, la piccola insurrezione sembrerebbe mossa ed animata da convinzioni legittimistiche.
Tuttavia, se si scende in maggiore profondità e si analizzano da una parte il passato del capobanda, dall’altra le azioni della grossa banda, allora lo scenario muta drasticamente e le motivazioni politiche divengono evanescenti, rimpiazzate da altre di tutt’altro tenore: avidità e vendetta personale.
Nunziato Di Mecola aveva una lunga serie di precedenti penali risalenti all’epoca dei Borboni: ratto di una donna, per stuprarla e costringerla a sposarlo; aggressione a coltellate di un uomo; altri due casi di aggressione a mano armata; pestaggio ai danni del padre, con minacce di morte; furto di oggetti d’oro e denaro contante; incendio volontario; persino bestemmie rivolte contro la Madonna ed i santi, pronunciate il giorno della festa dell’Immacolata Concezione, per la precisione l’8 dicembre 1854. La magistratura borbonica l’aveva condannato ed incarcerato diverse volte.
Il pluripregiudicato Di Mecola nel 1860, dopo il collasso del Regno delle Due Sicilie, fu ricercato da alcuni notabili borbonici locali, un marchese ed un don di paese, per capeggiare un’improvvisata minuscola armata di ventura che in teoria avrebbe dovuto combattere per re Francesco II nel Chietino. Sta di fatto che uno dei manutengoli, don Tobia dell’Arciprete, aveva commissionato a Nunziato Di Mecola lo sterminio di una famiglia rivale e l’uccisione del fratello stesso del don. Inoltre la turbolenta banda creata era più interessata a saccheggiare i paesi che a combattere. La messa al sacco delle case era prima eseguita dai briganti, poi lasciata agli altri abitanti del borgo che volessero approfittarne di quanto rimaneva.
Quale mentalità avessero i depredatori si palesò durante il saccheggio della cittadina di Tollo. Essendo arrivati alcuni contadini da paesi limitrofi, i tollesi dediti a derubare i concittadini gli sbarrarono la strada mettendo guardie armate, poiché volevano che i benefici della razzia spettassero solo a loro.
Sarebbe una forzatura ritenere che le violenze della banda colpissero soltanto liberali ovvero patrioti italiani: fu saccheggiato un Monte frumentario, piccolo istituto importantissimo per i contadini poveri; fu assassinato Giuseppe Tiberi, un borbonico che era stato appena nominato capo urbano di Tolle dai legittimisti locali e che si stava recando incontro alla banda sventolando in segno d’appartenenza politica un fazzoletto bianco, colore araldico dei Borboni; l’omicidio del tenente della Guardia nazionale, Carlo Filippo Matteucci, fu una vendetta personale di Giacomo Matteucci, che in passato era stato diverse volte incarcerato proprio dal tenente per crimini comuni.
Va aggiunto che, fatta eccezione per l’epilogo, la banda del pregiudicato si trovò dinanzi sempre e soltanto meridionali. La fine della comitiva fu dovuta all’intervento di un reparto di bersaglieri, che sbaragliarono i briganti. Nunziato Di Mecola ed i suoi collaboratori più stretti scapparono via a cavallo, abbandonando gli altri banditi al loro destino. Di Mecola poi raggiunse Roma, tornò nel Regno d’Italia dove fu arrestato, evase, tornò a Roma, infine ritornò ancora nel Mezzogiorno. Egli aveva cambiato nome e cercò di arruolarsi nella guardia mobile di Napoli, formata da ex garibaldini. Fu però scoperto, arrestato, processato e condannato alla galera.
La biografia di Nunzio Di Mecola non è pertanto quella di un combattente politico, ma di un delinquente comune, diverse volte incarcerato dalla magistratura delle Due Sicilie e che nel 1860 astuti pupari manovrarono a piacimento per metterlo alla testa di un’orda improvvisata di saccheggiatori e facinorosi, che devastò alcuni paesi dell’Abruzzese imperversando contro i propri conterranei, colpendo liberali e legittimisti insieme, finché un reparto militare pose termine alle sue scorribande. L’ex galeotto ed ex capobanda, nel tentativo disperato di scampare, cercò addirittura d’arruolarsi nella Guardia mobile, costituita in parte da garibaldini e che si dedicava alla lotta contro il brigantaggio.
Non si può che accogliere il giudizio finale di Tatasciore, che scorge nell’avvenuta della banda Di Mecola un confluire di violenza delinquenziale, rivalità di carattere locale o fra fazioni, ostilità e vendette private, a cui fece da copertura uno sbandierato ideale politico, che era in realtà sostanzialmente estraneo ai briganti. I manutengoli borbonici seppero abilmente sfruttarli, dando una politicizzazione esteriore a chi in realtà non l’aveva.
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